Process for the preparation of 8-(4-aminophenoxy)-4h-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-3-one derivatives

ABSTRACT

The present invention pertains generally to the field of organic chemical synthesis, and in particular to certain methods for the synthesis of 8-(4-aminophenyoxy)-4H-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-3-one and related compounds (denoted herein as (3)) from 4-(4-aminophenyoxy)pyridine-2,3-diamine and related compounds (denoted herein as (1)), by reaction with glyoxylic acid (denoted herein as (2)). The compounds (3) are useful in the synthesis of known anti-cancer agents, such as 1-(5-tert-butyl-2-(4-methyl-phenyl)-pyrazol-3-yl)-3-[2-fluoro-4-[(3-oxo-4H-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-8-yl)oxy]phenyl]urea.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is related to: United Kingdom patent application number 1320732.9 filed 25 Nov. 2013, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention pertains generally to the field of organic chemical synthesis, and in particular to certain methods for the synthesis of 8-(4-aminophenyoxy)-4H-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-3-one and related compounds (denoted herein as (3)) from 4-(4-aminophenyoxy)pyridine-2,3-diamine and related compounds (denoted herein as (1)), by reaction with glyoxylic acid (denoted herein as (2)). The compounds (3) are useful in the synthesis of known anti-cancer agents, such as 1-(5-tert-butyl-2-(4-methyl-phenyl)-pyrazol-3-yl)-3-[2-fluoro-4-[(3-oxo-4H-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-8-yl)oxy]phenyl]urea.

BACKGROUND

A number of publications are cited herein in order to more fully describe and disclose the invention and the state of the art to which the invention pertains. Each of these references is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety into the present disclosure, to the same extent as if each individual reference was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

Throughout this specification, including the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise,” and variations such as “comprises” and “comprising,” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.

It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a pharmaceutical carrier” includes mixtures of two or more such carriers, and the like.

Ranges are often expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by the use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment.

This disclosure includes information that may be useful in understanding the present invention. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art or relevant to the presently claimed invention, or that any publication specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art.

Springer et al., 2009, describes certain compounds including, for example, compound AA-018 shown below, which are useful, for example, in the treatment of cancer.

1-(5-tert-butyl-2-(4-methyl-phenyl)-pyrazol-3-yl)-3-[2-fluoro-4-[(3-oxo-4H-pyrido[2, 3-b]pyrazin-8-yl)oxy]phenyl]urea (AA-018)

Springer et al., 2009 also describes methods of preparing such compounds. As part of those methods, the 3-oxo-4H-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-8-yl group is formed in a mixture of two regioisomers (the 2-oxo and 3-oxo regioisomers) by a cyclisation reaction of a 2,3-diamino-4-oxy-pyridyl compound with ethyl glyoxylate, as illustrated in the following scheme (drawn from Synthesis 27 therein).

The method used in Synthesis 27 therein is described as: “Using Method D1 with tert-butyl 4-(2,3-diaminopyridin-4-yloxy)-2-fluorophenyl carbamate (3.50 g, 10.5 mmol), tert-butyl 2-fluoro-4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-8-yloxy) phenyl carbamate (2.71 g, 69%) and tert-butyl 2-fluoro-4-(3-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-8-yloxy) phenyl carbamate (0.96 g, 25%) were obtained.”

For reference, “Method D1” is described in the context of Synthesis 25 therein as: “tert-butyl 4-(2,3-diaminopyridin-4-yloxy)phenylcarbamate (0.86 g, 2.71 mmol) was dissolved in 15 ml of dry ethanol; 0.8 ml (4 mmol) of a 50% ethyl glyoxylate solution in toluene were added and the solution was stirred overnight at room temperature under Argon atmosphere. The solvent was partially evaporated, and tert-butyl 4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-8-yloxy)phenylcarbamate (0.430 g, 45% yield) is precipitated by addition of acetone (10 ml) and filtered off.”

Such cyclisation methods suffer from low yield. In addition, both regioisomers are formed, and the undesired regioisomer (“2-oxo”) is formed preferentially. Furthermore, the purification of the desired regioisomer (“3-oxo”) away from the undesired regioisomer can be difficult and may require extensive column chromatography.

Reported yields for the reaction are summarised in the following table.

Reported Compound Yield Citation

21% Springer et al., 2009 (Synthesis 24) (pages 104-105)

25% Springer et al., 2009 (Synthesis 27) (pages 106-107)

15% Springer et al., 2009 (Synthesis 26) (pages 105-106)

 7%⁽¹⁾ Zambon et al., 2010 (Compound 7h) (page S8)

24% Murray et al. 2011 (Intermediate D2) (page 44) (1) Note that there is an error in the publication; the reported yield of 240 mg corresponds to a 7% yield, not a 9% yield.

As described herein, the present inventors have determined that the synthetic method can be very greatly improved (e.g., higher yield; preferential formation of desired regioisomer) by employing a different reagent (i.e., glyoxylic acid), especially under certain reaction conditions, including, in particular, a large excess of glyoxylic acid (i.e., a molar excess of at least about 2).

Cyclisation Using Glyoxylic Acid

The use of glyoxylic acid in methanol for the synthesis of the pyridopyrazinone bicyclic system has been reported in a limited number of publications. In each case, the pyridopyrazinone compounds synthesised were either unsubstituted on the pyridyl ring, or substituted with halogen at the 5-position of the pyridyl ring.

Bekerman et al., 1992, describes the reaction of unsubstituted 2,3-daminopyridine with glyoxylic acid and derivatives in a number of solvents. In methanol, the reaction constant for the undesired regioisomer (“2-oxo”) is higher than the reaction constant for the desired regioisomer (“3-oxo”). In chloroform, the ratio is even higher in favour of the undesired regioisomer. In aqueous media, the desired regioisomer is formed preferentially; however, these conditions are not suitable for water insoluble compounds.

Milbank et al., 2011, describes the synthesis of 7-bromopyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-3(4H)-one from 5-bromopyridine-2,3-diamine and glyoxylic acid in methanol. However, the isomers were obtained as a mixture and were not separated.

Ballell et al., 2008, describes the same synthesis in water, where the undesired 7-bromopyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-2(1H)-one is obtained as the major isomer in 66% yield. Similarly, the undesired 7-fluoropyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-2(1H)-one was obtained as the major isomer in 54% yield.

To date, there has been no report of the use of a corresponding method for the synthesis of 4-substituted pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-2(1H)-ones. Therefore, the regioselectivity of the cyclisation reaction could not have been predicted with reasonable certainty. Furthermore, the high regioselectivity demonstrated by the inventors and described herein is surprising and unexpected.

Additional publications which describe the use of glyoxylic acid or a glyoxylic acid ester for cyclisation include the following: Abosolo et al., 1990; Bates et al., 1990; Bergman et al., 1996; Clark-Lewis et al., 1957; Cushman et al., 1992; Dettner et al., 1996; Dubey et al., 2001; Leese et al., 1955; Mashelkar et al., 2006; McKillop et al., 1997; Reck et al., 2011; Remli et al., 1989; Rudy et al., 1938; Seki et al., 1995; Sherman et al., 2007; Ziegler et al., 1949.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the invention pertains to a method of preparing a compound of Formula (3), as described herein:

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a compound of Formula (3) obtained by a method of synthesis as described herein, or a method comprising a method of synthesis as described herein.

Another aspect of the invention pertains to method of chemical synthesis which include, as part of the chemical synthesis, a method of preparing a compound of Formula (3), as described herein.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to novel intermediates, as described herein, which are suitable for use in the methods of synthesis described herein.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of such novel intermediates, as described herein, in the methods of synthesis described herein.

As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, features and preferred embodiments of one aspect of the invention will also pertain to other aspects of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present inventors have determined that the synthesis of 8-(4-aminophenyoxy)-4H-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-3-one and related compounds (denoted herein as (3)) from 4-(4-aminophenyoxy)pyridine-2,3-diamine and related compounds (denoted herein as (1)) can be very greatly improved (e.g., higher yield; preferential formation of the desired regioisomer) by employing a different reagent (i.e., glyoxylic acid; denoted herein as (2)) under certain reaction conditions, including, in particular, a large excess of glyoxylic acid (i.e., a molar excess of at least about 2).

Cyclization Step

One aspect of the present invention is a method of preparing a compound of Formula (3):

comprising reacting a compound of Formula (1):

with a compound of Formula (2):

in a reaction mixture under cyclisation conditions to form said compound of Formula (3); wherein the ratio of the amount of the compound of Formula (2) to the amount of the compound of Formula (1), on a molar basis, is at least about 2; and wherein:

-   -   —R¹ is independently —H or —R^(1A);     -   —R² is independently —H or —R^(2A);     -   —R^(1A) is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —R^(X), —OH, —OR^(X),         or —SR^(X);     -   —R^(2A) is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —R^(X), —OH, —OR^(X),         or —SR^(X);     -   each —R^(X) is independently linear or branched saturated         C₁₋₄alkyl;     -   or —R¹ and —R₂ together form —CH═CH—CH═CH—, —N═CH—CH═CH—,         —CH═N—CH═CH—, —CH═CH—N═CH—, or —CH═CH—CH═N—; and     -   -NPG is a protected amino group which is stable to said         cyclisation conditions.

Note that tautomerisation is possible on the 3-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrido[3,2-b]pyrazin-8-yl group of compounds of Formula (3), as shown below. Unless otherwise indicated, a reference to one tautomer is intended to be a reference to both tautomers.

is a tautomer of

For the avoidance of doubt: n-propyl is abbreviated as -nPr; iso-propyl is abbreviated as -iPr; n-butyl is abbreviated as -nBu; iso-butyl is abbreviated as -iBu; sec-butyl is abbreviated as -sBu; tert-butyl is abbreviated as -tBu; and phenyl is abbreviated as -Ph.

The Group —R¹

In one embodiment, —R¹ is —H.

In one embodiment, —R¹ is —R^(1A).

The Group —R²

In one embodiment, —R² is —H.

In one embodiment, —R² is —R^(2A).

The Group —R^(1A)

In one embodiment, —R^(1A), if present, is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I;

In one embodiment, —R^(1A), if present, is —F.

In one embodiment, —R^(1A), if present, is —Cl.

In one embodiment, —R^(1A), if present, is —Br.

In one embodiment, —R^(1A), if present, is —I.

In one embodiment, —R^(1A), if present, is independently —OH or —OR^(X).

In one embodiment, —R^(1A), if present, is —OH.

In one embodiment, —R^(1A), if present, is —OR^(X).

In one embodiment, —R^(1A), if present, is —SR^(X).

The Group —R^(2A)

In one embodiment, —R^(2A), if present, is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I;

In one embodiment, —R^(2A), if present, is —F.

In one embodiment, —R^(2A), if present, is —Cl.

In one embodiment, —R^(2A), if present, is —Br.

In one embodiment, —R^(2A), if present, is —I.

In one embodiment, —R^(2A), if present, is independently —OH or —OR^(X).

In one embodiment, —R^(2A), if present, is —OH.

In one embodiment, —R^(2A), if present, is —OR^(X).

In one embodiment, —R^(2A), if present, is —SR^(X).

The Group —R^(X)

In one embodiment, each —R^(X), if present, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, -sBu, or -tBu.

In one embodiment, each —R^(X), if present, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, or -iPr.

In one embodiment, each —R^(X), if present, is independently -Me or -Et.

In one embodiment, each —R^(X), if present, is -Me.

The Group —R¹ and —R² Taken Together

In one embodiment, —R¹ and —R₂ together form —CH═CH—CH═CH—, —N═CH—CH═CH—, —CH═N—CH═CH—, —CH═CH—N═CH—, or —CH═CH—CH═N—.

In one embodiment, —R¹ and —R₂ together form —CH═CH—CH═CH—, for example, as in:

In one embodiment, —R¹ and —R₂ together form —N═CH—CH═CH—, —CH═N—CH═CH—, —CH═CH—N═CH—, or —CH═CH—CH═N—.

The Protected Amino Group -NPG

The protected amino group, -NPG, is a protected amino group which is stable to said cyclisation conditions.

For example, the protected amino group, -NPG, is a protected amino group which is stable to mildly acidic conditions (e.g., glyoxylic acid in organic solvent, e.g., MeOH) and unreactive for nucleophilic addition towards a carbonyl group (e.g., the aldehyde moiety of glyoxylic acid and ethyl glyoxylate). A wide range of examples of suitable protecting groups (including methods for their formation and subsequent deprotection) can be found, for example, in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (T. Greene and P. Wuts; 4th Edition; John Wiley and Sons, 2006) and Protecting Groups (Philip J. Kocienski; Thieme, 2005).

In one embodiment, -NPG is independently a protected amino group in the form of: a carbamate; an amide; an imide; or a sulfonamide.

—NPG Example a carbamate

an amide

an imide

a sulfonamide

In one embodiment, -NPG is a protected amino group in the form of a carbamate.

In one embodiment, -NPG is independently:

-   -   methyl carbamate;     -   ethyl carbamate;

-   9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate (Fmoc-NR2);

-   9-(2,7-dibromo)fluorenylmethyl carbamate;

-   2-chloro-3-indenylmethyl carbamate (Climoc-NR2);

-   benz[f]inden-3-ylmethyl carbamate (Bimoc-NR2);

-   2,7-Di-t-Butyl[9-(10,10-dioxo-10,10,10,10-tetrahydrothioxanthyl)]methyl     carbamate

-   (DBD-Tmoc-NR2);

-   2-trimethylsilylethyl carbamate (Teoc-NR2)

-   2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate;

-   1,1-dimethylpropynyl carbamate;

-   1,1-dimethyl-2-haloethyl carbamate;

-   1,1-dimethyl-2-cyanoethyl carbamate;

-   t-butyl carbamate;

-   cyclobutyl carbamate;

-   vinyl carbamate;

-   8-quinolyl carbamate;

-   N-hydroxypiperidinyl carbamate;

-   4,5-diphenyl-3-oxazolin-2-one;

-   benzyl carbamate (Cbz-NR2);

-   p-nitrobenzyl carbamate;

-   3,4-dimethoxy-6-nitrobenzyl carbamate;

-   2,4-dichlorobenzyl carbamate;

-   5-benzisoxazolylmethyl carbamate;

-   9-anthrylmethyl carbamate;

-   isonicotinyl carbamate; or

-   S-benzyl carbamate.

In one embodiment, -NPG is t-butyl carbamate.

In one embodiment, -NPG is a protected amino group in the form of an amide.

In one embodiment, -NPG is independently:

-   N-formyl amide; -   N-acetyl amide; -   N-chloroacetyl amide; -   N-trichloroacetyl amide; -   N-trifluoroacetyl amide; -   N-o-nitrophenylacetyl amide; -   N-o-nitrophenoxyacetyl amide; -   N-3-phenylpropionyl amide; -   N-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl amide; -   N-2-methyl-2-(o-phenylazophenoxy)propionyl amide; -   N-4-chlorobutyryl amide; -   N-o-nitrocinnamoyl amide; -   N-picolinoyl amide; -   N—(N′-acetylmethionyl) amide; or -   N-benzoyl amide.

In one embodiment, -NPG is a protected amino group in the form of an imide.

In one embodiment, -NPG is independently:

-   N-phthalimide; -   N-tetrachlorophthalimide; -   4-nitro-N-phthalimide; -   N-2,3-diphenylmaleimide; or -   N-dithiasuccinoylimide.

In one embodiment, -NPG is a protected amino group in the form of a sulfonamide.

In one embodiment, -NPG is independently:

-   p-toluenesulfonamide; or -   benzenesulfonamide.

In one embodiment, -NPG is a protected amino group which, additionally, is stable to strong basic conditions (e.g., K₂CO₃ in DMF) and reductive conditions (e.g., H₂ on Pd/C).

An example of such a group is tert-butyl carbamate.

Combinations

It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination. All combinations of the embodiments pertaining to the chemical groups represented by variables (e.g., —R¹, —R^(1A), —R², —R^(2A), —R^(X), -NPG, -A, —Ar, —Y, -A¹, -A², etc.) are specifically embraced by the present invention and are disclosed herein just as if each and every combination was individually and explicitly disclosed, to the extent that such combinations embrace compounds that are stable compounds (i.e., compounds that can be isolated, characterised, and tested for biological activity). In addition, all sub-combinations of the chemical groups listed in the embodiments describing such variables are also specifically embraced by the present invention and are disclosed herein just as if each and every such sub-combination of chemical groups was individually and explicitly disclosed herein.

Glyoxylic Acid

The compound of Formula (2) is glyoxylic acid.

Glyoxylic acid (also known as oxoacetic acid; oxoethanoic acid; and formylformic acid) has the chemical formula OCHCO₂H and a molecular weight of 74.04 g/mol. It is often handled as the monohydrate, OCHCO₂H.H₂O, which has a molecular weight of 92.05 g/mol. Both are solids at room temperature.

Excess of Glyoxylic Acid

In one embodiment, the ratio of the amount of the compound of Formula (2) to the amount of the compound of Formula (1), on a molar basis, is at least about 2.

In one embodiment, the ratio is from about 2 to about 25.

In one embodiment, the ratio is from about 2 to about 20.

In one embodiment, the ratio is from about 2 to about 15.

In one embodiment, the ratio is from about 2 to about 10.

In one embodiment, the ratio is from about 5 to about 25.

In one embodiment, the ratio is from about 5 to about 20.

In one embodiment, the ratio is from about 5 to about 15.

In one embodiment, the ratio is from about 5 to about 10.

In one embodiment, the ratio is about 10.

Slow Rate of Addition

In one embodiment, the compound of Formula (1) and the compound of Formula (2) are combined over an addition time of at least about 30 minutes to form the reaction mixture.

For the avoidance of doubt, the term “over” in the phrase “over an addition time” is used in this context to mean that the combining occurs substantially continuously throughout substantially all of the duration of the addition time; the term is intended to include, for example, dropwise addition, continuous flow addition, etc.

In one embodiment, the addition time is from about 30 minutes to about 24 hours.

In one embodiment, the addition time is from about 1 hour to about 24 hours.

In one embodiment, the addition time is from about 2 hours to about 24 hours.

In one embodiment, the addition time is from about 3 hours to about 24 hours.

In one embodiment, the addition time is from about 30 minutes to about 18 hours.

In one embodiment, the addition time is from about 1 hour to about 18 hours.

In one embodiment, the addition time is from about 2 hours to about 18 hours.

In one embodiment, the addition time is from about 3 hours to about 18 hours.

In one embodiment, the addition time is from about 30 minutes to about 12 hours.

In one embodiment, the addition time is from about 1 hour to about 12 hours.

In one embodiment, the addition time is from about 2 hours to about 12 hours.

In one embodiment, the addition time is from about 3 hours to about 12 hours.

In one embodiment, the addition time is from about 30 minutes to about 6 hours.

In one embodiment, the addition time is from about 1 hour to about 6 hours.

In one embodiment, the addition time is from about 2 hours to about 6 hours.

In one embodiment, the addition time is from about 3 hours to about 6 hours.

In one embodiment, the addition time is about 30 minutes.

In one embodiment, the addition time is about 1 hour.

In one embodiment, the addition time is about 2 hours.

In one embodiment, the addition time is about 3 hours.

In one embodiment, the addition time is about 6 hours.

Further Reaction Time

In one embodiment, after the compound of Formula (1) and the compound of Formula (2) have been combined (e.g., after the addition time), the reaction is allowed to continue for a further reaction time, for example, at the reaction temperature, optionally with stirring (i.e., of the reaction mixture).

In one embodiment, the further reaction time is from about 1 hour to about 48 hours.

In one embodiment, the further reaction time is from about 1 hour to about 36 hours.

In one embodiment, the further reaction time is from about 1 hour to about 24 hours.

In one embodiment, the further reaction time is from about 1 hour to about 12 hours.

In one embodiment, the further reaction time is from about 3 hours to about 48 hours.

In one embodiment, the further reaction time is from about 3 hours to about 36 hours.

In one embodiment, the further reaction time is from about 3 hours to about 24 hours.

In one embodiment, the further reaction time is from about 3 hours to about 12 hours.

In one embodiment, the further reaction time is from about 6 hours to about 48 hours.

In one embodiment, the further reaction time is from about 6 hours to about 36 hours.

In one embodiment, the further reaction time is from about 6 hours to about 24 hours.

In one embodiment, the further reaction time is from about 6 hours to about 12 hours.

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture is stirred during the further reaction time.

Reaction Solvent

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture further comprises a reaction solvent.

In one embodiment, the reaction solvent is an organic solvent.

In one embodiment, the reaction solvent is an aprotic organic solvent.

In one embodiment, the reaction solvent is, or comprises, an organic nitrile (e.g., acetonitrile).

In one embodiment, the reaction solvent is, or comprises, an organic ester (e.g., ethyl acetate).

In one embodiment, the reaction solvent is, or comprises, a sulfoxide (e.g., dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)).

In one embodiment, the reaction solvent is, or comprises, an organic amide (e.g., dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMA), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), or a mixture of thereof).

In one embodiment, the reaction solvent is, or comprises, an aromatic organic solvent (e.g., toluene, xylene, or a mixture thereof).

In one embodiment, the reaction solvent is, or comprises, a linear or branched ether (e.g., diethyl ether, tert-butyl methyl ether, or a mixture of thereof).

In one embodiment, the reaction solvent is, or comprises, a cyclic ether (e.g., tetrahydrofuran (THF)).

In one embodiment, the reaction solvent is, or comprises, an alcohol.

In one embodiment, the reaction solvent is, or comprises, a C₁₋₆alkyl alcohol, or a mixture of two or more C₁₋₄alkyl alcohols.

In one embodiment, the reaction solvent is, or comprises, a C₁₋₄alkyl alcohol, or a mixture of two or more C₁₋₄alkyl alcohols.

In one embodiment, the reaction solvent is, or comprises, MeOH, EtOH, or THF, or a mixture thereof.

In one embodiment, the reaction solvent is MeOH, EtOH, or THF, or a mixture thereof.

In one embodiment, the reaction solvent is, or comprises, MeOH, EtOH, or a mixture of MeOH and EtOH.

In one embodiment, the reaction solvent is MeOH, EtOH, or a mixture of MeOH and EtOH.

In one embodiment, the reaction solvent is MeOH.

In one embodiment, the reaction solvent is EtOH.

In one embodiment, the reaction solvent is THF.

Amount of Solvent

In one embodiment, the volume of reaction solvent in the reaction mixture is from about 5 to about 50 L per kg of compound of Formula (1).

More specifically, in the above embodiment, the volume of reaction solvent, measured in litres, is from about 5 to about 50 times the weight of the compound of Formula (1), measured in kilograms.

In one embodiment, the volume of reaction solvent in the reaction mixture is from about 10 to about 30 L per kg of compound of Formula (1).

In one embodiment, the volume of reaction solvent in the reaction mixture is from about 15 to about 25 L per kg of compound of Formula (1).

In one embodiment, the volume of reaction solvent in the reaction mixture is about 20 L per kg of compound of Formula (1).

When the compound of Formula (1) is tert-butyl N-[4-[(2,3-diamino-4-pyridyl)oxy]-2-fluoro-phenyl]carbamate, which has an empirical formula of C₁₆H₁₉FN₄O₃ and a molecular weight of 334.34 g/mol, one kilogram contains about 3 moles of compound of Formula (1). Consequently, when the volume of reaction solvent is from about 5 to about 50 L per kg of compound of Formula (1), the concentration of the compound of Formula (1) in the reaction mixture is from about 3 mol/5 L to about 3 mol/50 L, or from about 0.6 to about 0.06 M. Similarly, when the volume of reaction solvent is about 20 L per kg of compound of Formula (1), the concentration of the compound of Formula (1) in the reaction mixture is from about 3 mol/20 L or about 0.15 M. (In this context, the concentration in the reaction mixture is the theoretical concentration based on the amount of compound of Formula (1) and the amount of solvent used to form the reaction mixture, rather than any actual instantaneous concentration of the compound of Formula (1) in the reaction mixture during the reaction process.)

In one embodiment, the concentration of the compound of Formula (1) in the reaction mixture is from about 0.01 to about 1 M.

In one embodiment, the concentration of the compound of Formula (1) in the reaction mixture is from about 0.02 to about 0.5 M.

In one embodiment, the concentration of the compound of Formula (1) in the reaction mixture is from about 0.05 to about 0.3 M.

In one embodiment, the concentration of the compound of Formula (1) in the reaction mixture is from about 0.05 to about 0.2 M.

In one embodiment, the concentration of the compound of Formula (1) in the reaction mixture is about 0.10 M.

In one embodiment, the concentration of the compound of Formula (1) in the reaction mixture is about 0.15 M.

Methods of Combining

In one embodiment, the compound of Formula (1) is dissolved in a first solvent to form a starting material solution before being combined with the compound of Formula (2) to form the reaction mixture, wherein said first solvent is, or forms part of, the reaction solvent.

In one embodiment, the compound of Formula (2) is dissolved in a second solvent to form a glyoxylic acid reagent solution before being combined with the compound of Formula (1) to form the reaction mixture, wherein said first solvent is, or forms part of, the reaction solvent.

In one embodiment:

-   -   the compound of Formula (1) is dissolved in a first solvent to         form a starting material solution before being combined with the         compound of Formula (2) to form the reaction mixture, wherein         said first solvent forms part of the reaction solvent; and     -   the compound of Formula (2) is dissolved in a second solvent to         form a glyoxylic acid reagent solution before being combined         with the compound of Formula (1) to form the reaction mixture,         wherein said second solvent forms part of the reaction solvent.

In one embodiment, the first solvent and the second solvent, if both present, are the same (e.g., both methanol).

In one embodiment, the first solvent and the second solvent, if both present, are different.

In one embodiment, said starting material solution is combined with said glyoxylic acid reagent solution by adding said starting material solution to said glyoxylic acid reagent solution.

In one embodiment, said starting material solution is combined with said glyoxylic acid reagent solution by adding said glyoxylic acid reagent solution to said starting material solution.

In one embodiment, said adding (i.e., adding said starting material solution to said glyoxylic acid reagent solution; adding said glyoxylic acid reagent solution to said starting material solution) is adding continuously (e.g., over the addition time).

In one embodiment, said adding is adding continuously is by dropwise addition.

In one embodiment, said adding is adding continuously is by continuous flow addition.

In one embodiment, the compound of Formula (2) is added as a solid to said starting material solution.

In one embodiment, the compound of Formula (2) is added as a solid to said starting material solution continuously (e.g., over the addition time).

In one embodiment, the compound of Formula (1) is added as a solid to said glyoxylic acid reagent solution.

In one embodiment, the compound of Formula (1) is added as a solid to said glyoxylic acid reagent solution continuously (e.g., over the addition time).

Reaction Temperature

In one embodiment, the temperature of the reaction mixture during the reaction is, or is maintained at, a temperature of from about 0° C. to about the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture.

In one embodiment, the temperature of the reaction mixture during the reaction is a temperature of from about 0° C. to about the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture.

In one embodiment, the temperature of the reaction mixture during the reaction is maintained at a temperature of from about 0° C. to about the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture.

In one embodiment, the temperature range is from about 0° C. to about 78° C.

In one embodiment, the temperature range is from about 0° C. to about 30° C.

In one embodiment, the temperature range is from about 0° C. to about 25° C.

In one embodiment, the temperature range is from about 5° C. to about 30° C.

In one embodiment, the temperature range is from about 5° C. to about 25° C.

In one embodiment, the temperature range is from about 10° C. to about 30° C.

In one embodiment, the temperature range is from about 10° C. to about 25° C.

In one embodiment, the temperature range is from about 15° C. to about 25° C.

In one embodiment, the temperature is about 20° C.

Combinations

As discussed above, certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination. All combinations of the embodiments pertaining to the reaction conditions (e.g., proportions of reagents; rate of addition of reagents; solvents; proportions of solvents; methods for combining reagents; temperature; etc.) are specifically embraced by the present invention and are disclosed herein just as if each and every combination was individually and explicitly disclosed, to the extent that such combinations are compatible. In addition, all sub-combinations of the reaction conditions listed in the embodiments describing such reaction conditions are also specifically embraced by the present invention and are disclosed herein just as if each and every such sub-combination of reaction conditions was individually and explicitly disclosed herein.

Optional Subsequent Steps

In one embodiment, the method further comprises a subsequent step (a “deprotection step”) of deprotecting the protected amino group, for example, deprotecting a compound of Formula (3):

to give a compound of Formula (4):

In one embodiment, the method further comprises a subsequent step (a “urea formation step”) of reacting the resulting amino group with a suitable 5-activated-3-tert-butyl-1-aryl-pyrazole, for example, reacting a compound of Formula (4):

with a compound of Formula (5):

to give a compound of Formula (6):

wherein:

-   -   -A is an activating group suitable for reaction with —NH₂ to         form a urea group; and     -   —Ar is phenyl, pyridyl, or naphthyl, and is optionally         substituted with one or more groups —Y, wherein each —Y is         independently selected from halo (e.g., —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I);         linear or branched saturated C₁₋₄alkyl (e.g., -Me, -Et); linear         or branched saturated C₁₋₄haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃); —OH; linear or         branched saturated C₁₋₄alkoxy (e.g., —OMe, —OEt); and linear or         branched saturated C₁₋₄haloalkoxy (e.g., —OCF₃).

Alternatively, in one embodiment, the method further comprises subsequent steps (an “amino activation step” followed by a “urea formation step”) of activating the resulting amino group, followed by reaction with a 5-amino-3-tert-butyl-1-aryl-pyrazole, for example, activating a compound of Formula (4):

to give a compound of Formula (7):

and the reacting the compound of Formula (7) with a compound of Formula (8):

to give a compound of Formula (6):

wherein:

-   -   -A is an activating group suitable for reaction with —NH₂ to         form a urea group; and     -   —Ar is phenyl, pyridyl, or naphthyl, and is optionally         substituted with one or more groups —Y, wherein each —Y is         independently selected from halo (e.g., —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I);         linear or branched saturated C₁₋₄alkyl (e.g., -Me, -Et); linear         or branched saturated C₁₋₄haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃); —OH; linear or         branched saturated C₁₋₄alkoxy (e.g., —OMe, —OEt); and linear or         branched saturated C₁₋₄haloalkoxy (e.g., —OCF₃).

In one embodiment, —Ar is phenyl or pyridyl, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups —Y.

In one embodiment, —Ar is phenyl, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups —Y.

In one embodiment, —Ar is phenyl, and is optionally substituted with one group —Y.

In one embodiment, —Ar is phenyl, and is optionally substituted with one group —Y at the meta-position (e.g., as shown below).

In one embodiment, —Ar is phenyl (i.e., unsubstituted phenyl).

In one embodiment, —Y (or each —Y, if there is more than one) is independently selected from —F, -Me, —CF₃, —OH, and —OMe.

In one embodiment, -A is a carbamate group (i.e., —NH—C(═O)OR).

In one embodiment, -A is —NH—C(═O)O-Ph.

In one embodiment, -A is —NH—C(═O)O-(4-nitrophenyl).

In one embodiment, -A is —NH—C(═O)O—C(CH₃)═CH₂.

In one embodiment, -A is —NH—C(═O)O—(N-succinimidyl) (shown below).

Suitable carbamates can be obtained, for example, by the reaction of the corresponding amine with a suitable chloroformate (e.g., phenyl chloroformate, 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate, 1-methylvinylchloroformate, etc.) or a suitable carbonate (e.g., N,N-disuccinimidyl carbonate).

In one embodiment, -A is an isocyanate group (i.e., —NCO).

Suitable isocyanates can be obtained, for example, by the conversion of the corresponding amine using, for example, phosgene, triphosgene, or their derivatives, or by conversion of the corresponding carboxylic acid to acyl azides using, for example, diphenyl phosphoryl azide, followed by a Curtius rearrangement.

Optional Preceding Steps

In one embodiment, the method further comprises a preceding step (a “nitro reduction step”) of reducing a nitro group to form an amino group, for example, reducing a compound of Formula (9):

to give a compound of Formula (1):

In one embodiment, the method further comprises a preceding step (a “coupling step”) of coupling a suitable 4-activated-N-protected-aniline with a suitable 4-activated-2-amino-3-nitropyridine, for example, reacting a compound of Formula (10):

with a compound of Formula (11):

to give a compound of Formula (9):

wherein -A¹ and -A² are activating groups suitable for reaction with each other to form an ether group, for example, in suitable reaction conditions.

In one embodiment, -A¹ is —OH.

In one embodiment, -A² is halogen (e.g., —F, —Cl, —Br, —I), cyano (i.e., —CN), acyloxy (e.g., —OC(═O)Me), sulfonate (e.g., —OS(═O)₂Me, —OS(═O)₂CF₃, —OS(═O)₂Ph, —OS(═O)₂(4-methylphenyl), etc.), sulfonyl (e.g., —S(═O)₂Me), sulfinyl (e.g., —S(═O)Me), nitro (i.e., —NO₂), a diazonium salt (i.e., —N(+)≡N), or an ammonium salt (e.g., —N(+)Me₃).

In one embodiment, -A¹ is —OH and -A² is halogen (e.g., —F, —Cl, —Br, —I).

In one embodiment, -A¹ is —OH and -A² is —Cl.

Multi-Step Synthesis

Thus, in one embodiment, the cyclisation method described herein forms part of a multi-step synthesis, as illustrated in the following schemes, to give target compounds which are useful, for example, as anti-cancer agents.

Detailed Study of Reaction Conditions

The synthetic step illustrated in the following scheme was studied in detail. SM denotes “starting material”; GA denotes “glyoxylic acid”; DR denotes desired regioiosmer (i.e., 3-oxo regioisomer); and UR denotes undesired regioisomer (i.e., 2-oxo regioisomer).

Reagent A: 500 mg of tert-butyl N-[4-[(2,3-diamino-4-pyridyl)oxy]-2-fluoro-phenyl]carbamate (“starting material”, denoted SM) was dissolved in a solvent (denoted SM solvent), specifically, a volume (denoted SM solvent volume, SMSV) of the SM solvent. The mixture was warmed if necessary, and then allowed to cool to room temperature.

Reagent B: An amount of glyoxylic acid (denoted GA), handled as glyoxylic acid monohydrate, was provided. Either it was used as the solid (without solvent), or it was dissolved in the same solvent (i.e., the SM solvent), specifically, a volume (denoted GA solvent volume, GASV) of the SM solvent, and stirred at room temperature to provide a colourless solution.

In Studies 1-8, Reagent B was added to Reagent A over an addition time (denoted AT), while the resulting reaction mixture was maintained at a reaction temperature (denoted XT).

In Studies 9-34, Reagent A was added to Reagent B over an addition time (denoted AT), while the resulting reaction mixture was maintained at a reaction temperature (denoted XT).

The reaction mixture was then stirred overnight, and the proportions (molar %) of starting material (SM), desired regioisomer (DR), and undesired regioisomer (UR) in the resulting product was determined spectroscopically by HPLC (i.e., giving spectroscopic yields).

In this context, the solvent volume (i.e., the SM solvent volume and GA solvent volume) is reported in units of “volumes”, where one “volume” is the numerical equivalent, in litres, of the weight of the starting material, SM, in kilograms. (In a sense, the solvent is treated as if it had a density of 1 g/cm³, and 1 volume is that volume of solvent which has the same weight as the starting material, SM.) And so, in Study 7 described below, 500 mg (i.e., 0.5 g) of SM was dissolved in 25 volumes of SM solvent (i.e., 25×0.5 mL=12.5 mL) and 2 equivalents of glyoxylic acid monohydrate was dissolved in 1 volume of SM solvent (i.e., 1×0.5 mL=0.5 mL). Similarly, in Study 33 described below, 500 g (i.e., 0.5 kg) of SM was dissolved in 10 volumes of SM solvent (i.e., 10×0.5 L=5 L) and 10 equivalents of glyoxylic acid monohydrate was dissolved in 10 volumes of SM solvent (i.e., 10×0.5 L=5 L).

In these studies, the SM is tert-butyl N-[4-[(2,3-diamino-4-pyridyl)oxy]-2-fluoro-phenyl]carbamate, which has an empirical formula of C₁₆H₁₉FN₄O₃ and a molecular weight of 334.34 g/mol; consequently, one kilogram contains about 3 moles of SM. And so, in Study 7 described below, the theoretical concentration of SM in the reaction mixture is about 1.5 mmol in 13 mL, or about 0.115 M. Similarly, in Study 33 described below, the theoretical concentration of SM in the reaction mixture is about 1.5 mol in 10 L, or about 0.15 M.

Study SM SMSV GASV GA XT SM DR UR No. solv. (vol.) (vol.) (eq.) (° C.) AT Notes % % % 1 MeOH 25 none 2 20 30 sec (a) 4 43 52 2 EtOH 25 none 2 20 30 sec (a) 2 34 60 3 THF 25 none 2 20 30 sec (a) 5 25 66 4 MeOH 25 none 10 20 30 sec (a) 4 77 19 5 EtOH 25 none 10 20 30 sec (a) 3 55 40 6 THF 25 none 10 20 30 sec (a) <0.5 83 17 7 MeOH 25 1 2 65 30 sec (a) <0.5 35 63 8 EtOH 25 1 2 78 30 sec (a) <0.5 25 70 9 MeOH 10 10 5 20 30 min 3 66 31 10 MeOH 10 10 5 0 30 min <1 71 29 11 MeOH 10 10 5 60 30 min <1 60 40 12 MeOH 10 10 10 20 30 min 3 78 19 13 MeOH 10 10 10 20 30 min (b) <1 71 17 14 MeOH 10 10 2 65 30 min <1 35 63 15 EtOH 10 10 2 78 30 min <1 25 70 16 MeOH 10 10 10 20 30 min (c) 19 66 19 17 MeOH 4 4 10 20 30 min 11 70 18 18 MeOH 10 10 10 20 3 hr 3 87 10 19 MeOH 10 10 10 20 3 hr (d) <1 88 11 20 MeOH 8 2 10 20 3 hr 5 78 18 21 MeOH 8 2 10 20 6 hr <1 74 25 22 MeOH 10 10 10 20 6 hr <1 89 10 23 MeOH 10 10 5 20 30 min 3 66 31 24 MeOH 10 10 5 0 30 min <1 71 29 25 MeOH 10 10 5 60 30 min <1 60 39 26 MeOH 10 10 2 20 2 hr (e) <1 26 72 27 MeOH 10 10 5 20 3 hr (f) <1 79 19 28 MeOH 10 10 2 20 2 hr (g) 79 10 9 29 MeOH 10 10 10 20 3 hr (h) <1 85 13 30 MeOH 15 10 10 20 3 hr (h) 1.6 83 14 31 MeOH 10 10 10 20 3 hr (i) 1 83 14 32 MeOH 10 10 10 20 4.5 hr (h), (j) <1 83 15 33 MeOH 10 10 10 20 6.5 hr (h), (k) <1 89 10 34 MeOH 10 10 10 20 6.0 hr (h), (k) <1 89 10 Legend and Notes: SM = starting material. GA = glyoxylic acid. SMSV = starting material solvent volume. GASV = glyoxylic acid solvent volume. DR = desired regioisomer. UR = undesired regioisomer. XT = reaction temperature. AT = addition time. (a) Glyoxylic acid added in one portion over 30 seconds. (b) Glyoxylic acid stripped out with EtOH (2 × 10 mL) to remove water. (c) Anhydrous MgSO₄ (250 mg) added to remove water. (d) MeOH was anhydrous MeOH. (e) AcOH (10 eq.) also added. (f) AcOH (5 eq.) also added. (g) Concentrated H₂SO₄ (10 eq.) also added. (h) MeOH was “drum” MeOH. (i) Glyoxylic acid was oven-dried overnight before use. (j) Performed on a larger scale, with 50 g of SM. (k) Performed on a larger scale, with 500 g of SM.

Studies 1-8: The addition of glyoxylic acid in one portion gave an excellent ratio at room temperature, but the ratio became worse at reflux. However, this method of addition was not suitable for use at larger scales. The results also showed that a large excess of glyoxylic acid was required.

Studies 9-17: Performing the reaction at higher than ambient temperature led to a worse ratio. The reaction can be performed at 0° C., but this does not improve the profile. The use of MgSO₄ to remove water or using anhydrous MeOH made no difference.

Studies 20-25: MeOH was found to give a slightly better ratio, as compared to EtOH. Addition times of 3 to 6 hours at 20° C. using 10 equivalents of glyoxylic acid monohydrate in 20 volumes (total) of MeOH gave the best profile.

Studies 26-31: The HPLC results indicate that moisture in the reaction mixture is not detrimental. This is also demonstrated by the use of drum MeOH as compared to the more expensive HPLC MeOH and oven-drying the glyoxylic acid monohydrate (which is hygroscopic) prior to use, neither of which improved the profile. Efforts to reduce the equivalents of glyoxylic acid monohydrate from 10 to 5 with addition of another (e.g., cheaper) acid (AcOH or H₂SO₄) led to a worse regioisomer ratio.

Study 32: A further study on a larger scale (50 g), based on the conditions used in Study 22, gave a spectroscopic yield of 83%. Different work-ups of the product were then studied in separate runs to optimize the isolated yield (i.e., the yield after work-up and purification). Work-up 1: Concentration of the reaction mixture in vacuo and an EtOH recrystallisation (10 vols) gave a 48% yield. Work-up 2: Concentration of the reaction mixture in vacuo and a MeOH slurry (3 vols) gave a 64% yield. Work-up 3: Cooling of the reaction mixture to 0° C. for 1 hour before filtering gave a 60% yield. Work-up 4: Removal of approximately half the volume of MeOH in vacuo, cooling to 0° C. for 1° hour, and filtering gave a 69% yield; the product contained 1-2% wt/wt glyoxylic acid monohydrate (starting material), which was removed via a water slurry.

Studies 33-34: Two further studies on an even larger scale (500 g), based on the conditions used in Study 22, gave a spectroscopic yield of 89%. For Study 34, see also Synthesis 3 below, where an isolated yield of 67% was obtained.

Chemical Synthesis

The syntheses described below relate to tert-butyl N-[4-[(2,3-diamino-4-pyridyl)oxy]-2-fluoro-phenyl]carbamate. However, it is believed that same conditions can be applied to structurally similar analogs, as described herein (i.e., with corresponding groups —R¹, —R², and -NPG).

Synthesis 1 tert-Butyl N-[4-[(2-amino-3-nitro-4-pyridyl)oxy]-2-fluoro-phenyl]carbamate

To a 50 L flange flask was charged tert-butyl (2-fluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl)carbamate (2840 g active, 12.50 mol) and dimethylformamide (DMF) (18.5 L) followed by 2-amino-3-nitro-4-chloropyridine (2083 g, 12.00 mol) and K₂CO₃ (2420 g, 17.51 mol). DMF (3.5 L) was used for washings. The mixture was heated at 60-65° C. for 5 hours (HPLC showed <2% starting material) before being allowed to cool to room temperature overnight. The batch was split into two halves, and to each half water (16 L) was added dropwise at <30° C. (exothermic addition) and the mixture stirred for 1 hour. The solids were filtered off, washed with water (2×5 L) and then oven dried at 60° C. to give 4100 g of the title compound as a dark solid (>95% by HPLC, >95% by NMR, 90% yield).

A total of 7127 g tert-butyl (2-fluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl)carbamate was processed which provided 10431 g tert-butyl (4-((2-amino-3-nitropyridin-4-yl)oxy)-2-fluorophenyl)carbamate (91% overall yield).

Batch no. Carbamate Reagent Product Yield 1 2840 g active 4100 g active 90% 2 2678 g active 3828 g active 89% 3 1609 g active 2503 g active 97% TOTAL 7127 g active 10431 g active  91%

Synthesis 2 tert-Butyl N-[4-[(2,3-diamino-4-pyridyl)oxy]-2-fluoro-phenyl]carbamate

To a 50 L vessel was charged 5% Pd/C (128 g, 50% wet) and MeOH (23 L). tert-Butyl (4-((2-amino-3-nitropyridin-4-yl)oxy)-2-fluorophenyl)carbamate (2560 g, 7.03 mol) was charged followed by a MeOH wash (2.6 L). The slurry was stirred at 20-25° C. whilst gassing with H₂ (3 h) and then stirred overnight under an H₂ atmosphere. After this time, approximately 30% of the starting material remained, so additional 5% Pd/C (128 g, 50% wet) was charged, and the mixture sparged with H₂ for a further 4 hours. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight under an H₂ atmosphere and was complete by HPLC. The catalyst was filtered off and MeOH (5.7 L) used for washings. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo, stripped with EtOH (5 L), and oven dried to give 2355 g of the title compound in 100% yield. Purity >95% by NMR and HPLC.

A total of 10431 g tert-butyl (4-((2-amino-3-nitropyridin-4-yl)oxy)-2-fluorophenyl)carbamate was processed, which provided 9478 g tert-butyl (4-((2,3-diaminopyridin-4-yl)oxy)-2-fluorophenyl)carbamate (99% overall yield).

Batch no. Nitro Reagent Product Yield 1 2560 g active 2355 g 100%  2 1540 g active 1392 g 98% 3 6331 g active 5731 g 99% TOTAL 10431 g active  9478 g 99%

Synthesis 3 tert-Butyl (2-fluoro-4-((3-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-8-yl)oxy)phenyl)carbamate

(As described above in Study 34.) To a 20 L flask was charged glyoxylic acid monohydrate (1376 g, 14.95 mol) and MeOH (5 L). The mixture was stirred at room temperature to provide a colourless solution. tert-Butyl N-[4-[(2,3-diamino-4-pyridyl)oxy]-2-fluoro-phenyl]carbamate (500 g, 1.495 mol) was dissolved in MeOH (5 L) via warming to 40° C. The solution was allowed to cool to room temperature and added dropwise to the reaction vessel over 6.5 hours at 18-22° C. (no exotherm observed) and the reaction mixture was then stirred overnight. HPLC (220 nm) showed 89% product, 10% regioisomer, <1% starting material. The reaction mixture was stripped to approximately one-half volume on a rotavapor at 40° C., before being cooled to 0° C. for 1 hour. The solids were filtered off, washed with cold MeOH (500 mL), and then water (500 mL) to remove any residual glyoxylic acid monohydrate. The solid was dried overnight in a vacuum oven at 45° C. to provide 414 g of the title compound in 74% yield (purity >97% by NMR, >99% by HPLC).

The product was combined with two crude batches of product obtained using 50 g and 500 g tert-butyl N-[4-[(2,3-diamino-4-pyridyl)oxy]-2-fluoro-phenyl]carbamate and adsorbed onto silica (1400 g). The material was purified by column chromatography on silica (4 kg) eluting with 30% THF/DCM (40 L) then 40% THF/DCM (40 L). The product fractions were combined and concentrated to give 906 g product. This was slurried in 1:1 Et₂O:heptane (8 L) for 1 hour at room temperature before being filtered off and washed with heptane (1 L). The material was oven dried to provide 842.2 g product, which contained ˜7% solvent by NMR (5% THF, 2% DCM). Total active=783 g (67% yield). Purity >97% by NMR (excluding solvents) and >99% by HPLC.

In summary, a total of 1050 g tert-butyl N-[4-[(2,3-diamino-4-pyridyl)oxy]-2-fluoro-phenyl]carbamate was processed to give 783 g tert-butyl (2-fluoro-4-((3-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-8-yl)oxy)phenyl)carbamate in a 67% yield (following a silica plug column to remove baseline impurities).

Synthesis 4 8-(4-amino-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-4H-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-3-one

To a 10 L flask was charged tert-butyl (2-fluoro-4-((3-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-8-yl)oxy)phenyl)carbamate (783 g, 2.10 mol) and 1 M tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (TBAF) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) (8.5 L, 8.5 mol). The mixture was heated to reflux and the temperature maintained for 30 hours. HPLC indicated the reaction was complete. The THF was removed in vacuo and MeOH (8 L) added to the crude black oil. The resulting slurry was stirred for 1 hour, filtered, and washed with MeOH (1 L). ¹H NMR analysis showed approximately 11% TBAF was present; therefore, the material was re-slurried in MeOH (8 L) for 1 hour, filtered, and washed with MeOH (1 L). The product was dried at 45° C. overnight to afford 415 g of the title compound (NMR >95%, HPLC >97%, <1% TBAF by NMR, 72% yield).

A total of 2217 g tert-butyl (2-fluoro-4-((3-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-8-yl)oxy)phenyl)carbamate was deprotected using the TBAF method to provide 1208.5 g 8-(4-amino-3-fluorophenoxy)pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-3(4H)-one in 75% yield.

Batch no. Protected Reagent Product Yield 1 783 g active 415 g 72% 2 735 g active 379.5 g 71% 3 699 g active 414 g 81% TOTAL 2217 g active  1208.5 g 75%

Synthesis 5 5-tert-Butyl-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrazol-3-amine

A mixture of 4,4-dimethyl-3-oxopentane nitrile (77 g, 0.62 mol) and 3-fluorophenylhydrazine hydrochloride (100 g, 0.62 mol) was added to toluene (1 L) and heated to 100° C. (reflux) for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was then allowed to cool to 20° C. The reaction mixture was then filtered, washed with toluene (2×250 mL), and dried in vacuo. The crude HCl salt was combined with a previous batch (performed using 180 g of 3-fluorophenylhydrazine hydrochloride) and partitioned between DCM (4 L) and sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (4 L). The mixture was stirred until no solid remained. The DCM layer was separated off, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide the title compound as an orange solid (210 g) in 52% yield. Purity >95% by NMR and 94.4% by LCMS.

Synthesis 6 Phenyl N-[5-tert-butyl-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]carbamate

5-tert-Butyl-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrazol-3-amine (210 g, 0.90 mol) was dissolved in THF (5 L) at 0° C. before the addition of pyridine (146 mL, 1.80 mol). Phenyl chloroformate (113 mL, 0.90 mol) in THF (300 mL) was charged dropwise at 0-5° C. over 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes, and then allowed to warm to room temperature. After 4 hours, HPLC showed 8% stage 1 remained. A further charge of phenyl chloroformate (11 mL, 0.088 mol) was added, and after 30 minutes, HPLC analysis indicated the reaction was complete. EtOAc (5 L) was charged and the organic layer washed with 1 M HCl (2×1.2 L), water (1.2 L), sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (1.2 L) and sat. brine (1.2 L). The organic layer was dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude oil was taken up in a 1:3 mixture of EtOAc:heptane and concentrated in vacuo to give a solid. The solid was slurried in heptane (2.5 L) for 1 hour, filtered, and washed with heptane (200 mL). The material was oven dried at 40° C. overnight to afford the title compound (286 g) in 90% yield. Purity >95% by NMR.

Synthesis 7 1-[2-Fluoro-4-[(3-oxo-4H-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-8-yl)oxy]phenyl]-3-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]urea

To 8-(4-amino-3-fluorophenoxy)pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-3(4H)-one (169.5 g, 0.623 mol) was charged phenyl N-[3-tert-butyl-1-(3-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]carbamate (220 g, 0.623 mol) and DMSO (1.7 L). The reaction mixture was stirred at 20-22° C. overnight. ¹H NMR indicated that the reaction was complete. The reaction mixture was quenched into water (8.6 L) and stirred for 1 hour before being filtered and washed with water (2×2 L). The material was oven dried at 60° C. over the weekend. The solid was slurried in EtOAc (3.39 L) for 1 hour, filtered, and washed with EtOAc (750 mL) to give 320 g of product. NMR indicated phenol was still present. The material was re-slurried in EtOAc (3.2 L) for 1 hour, filtered, and washed with EtOAc (500 mL) and dried to afford 293 g of the title compound (9% EtOAc by NMR, one single impurity 0.8%). The solid was recrystallised from THF (5.7 L) and heptane (2.85 L) as follows: THF was added and the mixture heated to reflux to achieve a solution. Heptane was then added over 40 minutes at 66° C. and the solution seeded at 60° C.; the batch was then allowed to cool to room temperature before filtering off the solids. The filter cake was washed with heptane (2.85 L) and oven dried at 45° C. overnight to give 211 g of title compound (64% yield).

Synthesis 8 tert-Butyl N-[4-[(3-oxo-4H-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-8-yl)oxy)-1-naphthyl)carbamate

Glyoxylic acid monohydrate (2.75 g, 30 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (10 mL). A solution of tert-butyl (4-((2,3-diaminopyridin-4-yl)oxy)naphthalen-1-yl)carbamate (1.1 g, 3 mmol) (for synthesis, see, e.g., Menard et al., 2009) in 25 mL MeOH was prepared by heating the flask until no more solid remained. This solution was added dropwise (slowly over 3 hours) to the stirred solution of glyoxylic acid. After stirring overnight, a precipitate was formed. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the solid recovered by filtration and washed with 10 mL cold MeOH, and then with water. The cake was dried to afford the desired regioisomer (according to NMR, as compared to reported literature compound), yield 627 mg (50%).

Comparison with Known Methods

As summarised below, the methods described herein provide a substantially improved yield, as compared to the known method, for example, an increase from 25% to 67-74% and an increase from 7% to 50%.

Comparison 1 Desired Regioisomer Undesired Regioisomer

Known Spect. Not determined Not determined method⁽¹⁾ Yield Isolated 25% 69% Yield Present Spect. 89% 10% method⁽²⁾ Yield Isolated 74%/67% Not isolated Yield (1): Zambon et al., 2010: To a solution of tert-butyl 4-(2,3-diaminopyridin-4-yloxy)-2-fluorophenylcarbamate (3.50 g, 10.5 mmol) in dry EtOH were added consecutively molecular sieves (3Å) and ethyl glyoxylate (3.6 mL of a 50% solution in toluene, 1.7 equivalents). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours until the starting material was consumed (monitored by TLC). The desired regioisomer was isolated to give 0.96 g product (25% yield). (2): See Synthesis 3 above.

Comparison 2 Desired Regioisomer Undesired Regioisomer

Known Spect. Not determined Not determined method⁽³⁾ Yield Isolated  7% 42% Yield Present Spect. Not determined Not determined method⁽⁴⁾ Yield Isolated 50% Not isolated Yield (3): Zambon et al., 2010: To a solution of tert-butyl 4-(2,3-diaminopyridin-4-yloxy)naphthalen-1-ylcarbamate (3.1 g, 8.2 mmol) in dry EtOH were added consecutively molecular sieves (3Å) and ethyl glyoxylate (2.8 mL of a 50% solution in toluene, 1.7 equivalents). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours until the starting material was consumed (monitored by TLC). The desired regioisomer was isolated by chromatography with 50% ethyl acetate, to give 0.24 g product (7% yield). (Note that there is an error in the publication; the reported yield of 240 mg corresponds to a 7% yield, not a 9% yield.) (4): See Synthesis 8 above.

REFERENCES

A number of publications are cited herein in order to more fully describe and disclose the invention and the state of the art to which the invention pertains. Full citations for these references are provided below. Each of these references is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety into the present disclosure, to the same extent as if each individual reference was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

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1. A method of preparing a compound of Formula (3):

comprising the step of reacting a compound of Formula (1):

with a compound of Formula (2):

in a reaction mixture under cyclisation conditions to form said compound of Formula (3); wherein the ratio of the amount of the compound of Formula (2) to the amount of the compound of Formula (1), on a molar basis, is at least about 2; and wherein: —R¹ is independently —H or —R^(1A); —R² is independently —H or —R^(2A); —R^(1A) is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —R^(X), —OH, —OR^(X), or —SR^(X); —R^(2A) is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —R^(X), —OH, —OR^(X), or —SR^(X); each —R^(X) is independently linear or branched saturated C₁₋₄alkyl; or —R¹ and —R₂ together form —CH═CH—CH═CH—, —N═CH—CH═CH—, —CH═N—CH═CH—, —CH═CH—N═CH—, or —CH═CH—CH═N—; and -NPG is a protected amino group which is stable to said cyclisation conditions.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein —R¹ is —H.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein —R¹ is —R^(1A).
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein —R² is —H.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein —R² is —R^(2A).
 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein —R^(1A), if present, is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I.
 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein —R^(1A), if present, is —F.
 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein —R^(1A), if present, is —OH.
 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein —R^(1A), if present, is —OR^(X).
 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein —R^(1A), if present, is —SR^(X).
 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein —R^(2A), if present, is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I.
 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein —R^(2A), if present, is —F.
 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein —R^(2A), if present, is —OH.
 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein —R^(2A), if present, is —OR^(X).
 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein —R^(2A), if present, is —SR^(X).
 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein each —R^(X), if present, is -Me.
 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein —R¹ and —R₂ together form —CH═CH—CH═CH—, —N═CH—CH═CH—, —CH═N—CH═CH—, —CH═CH—N═CH—, or —CH═CH—CH═N—.
 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein —R¹ and —R₂ together form —CH═CH—CH═CH—.
 19. The method according to claim 1, wherein -NPG is independently a protected amino group in the form of: a carbamate; an amide; an imide; or a sulfonamide.
 20. The method according to claim 1, wherein -NPG is a protected amino group in the form of a carbamate.
 21. The method according to claim 1, wherein -NPG is tert-butyl carbamate.
 22. The method according to claim 1, wherein -NPG is a protected amino group in the form of an amide.
 23. The method according to claim 1, wherein -NPG is a protected amino group in the form of an imide.
 24. The method according to claim 1, wherein -NPG is a protected amino group in the form of a sulfonamide.
 25. The method according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the amount of the compound of Formula (2) to the amount of the compound of Formula (1), on a molar basis, is from about 2 to about
 25. 26. The method according to claim 25, wherein said ratio is from about 2 to about
 20. 27. The method according to claim 25, wherein said ratio is from about 2 to about
 10. 28. The method according to claim 25, wherein said ratio is from about 5 to about
 15. 29. The method according to claim 25, wherein said ratio is from about 5 to about
 10. 30. The method according to claim 25, wherein said ratio is about
 10. 31. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (1) and the compound of Formula (2) are combined over an addition time of at least about 30 minutes to form the reaction mixture.
 32. The method according to claim 31, wherein the addition time is from about 30 minutes to about 24 hours.
 33. The method according to claim 31, wherein the addition time is from about 1 hour to about 18 hours.
 34. The method according to claim 31, wherein the addition time is from about 2 hours to about 12 hours.
 35. The method according to claim 31, wherein the addition time is from about 3 hours to about 6 hours.
 36. The method according to claim 1, wherein, after the compound of Formula (1) and the compound of Formula (2) have been combined, the reaction is allowed to continue for a further reaction time.
 37. The method according to claim 36, wherein the further reaction time is from about 1 hour to about 48 hours.
 38. The method according to claim 36, wherein the further reaction time is from about 3 hours to about 24 hours.
 39. The method according to claim 36, wherein the reaction mixture is stirred during the further reaction time.
 40. The method according to claim 1, wherein the reaction mixture further comprises a reaction solvent.
 41. The method according to claim 40, wherein the reaction solvent is, or comprises, an organic solvent.
 42. The method according to claim 40, wherein the reaction solvent is, or comprises, an alcohol, a linear or branched ether, a cyclic ether, or a mixture thereof.
 43. The method according to claim 40, wherein the reaction solvent is, or comprises, an alcohol.
 44. The method according to claim 40, wherein the reaction solvent is, or comprises, a C₁₋₄alkyl alcohol, or a mixture of two or more C₁₋₄alkyl alcohols.
 45. The method according to claim 40, wherein the reaction solvent is MeOH, EtOH, or THF, or a mixture thereof.
 46. The method according to claim 40, wherein the reaction solvent is MeOH, EtOH, or a mixture of MeOH and EtOH.
 47. The method according to claim 40, wherein the reaction solvent is MeOH.
 48. The method according to claim 40, wherein the volume of reaction solvent in the reaction mixture is from about 5 to about 50 L per kg of compound of Formula (1).
 49. The method according to claim 48, wherein the volume of reaction solvent in the reaction mixture is from about 10 to about 30 L per kg of compound of Formula (1).
 50. The method according to claim 48, wherein the volume of reaction solvent in the reaction mixture is from about 15 to about 25 L per kg of compound of Formula (1).
 51. The method according to claim 48, wherein the volume of reaction solvent in the reaction mixture is about 20 L per kg of compound of Formula (1).
 52. The method according to claim 40, wherein the concentration of the compound of Formula (1) in the reaction mixture, based on the amount of compound of Formula (1) and the amount of solvent used to form the reaction mixture, is from about 0.01 to about 1 M.
 53. The method according to claim 52, wherein said concentration is from about 0.02 to about 0.5 M.
 54. The method according to claim 52, wherein said concentration is from about 0.05 to about 0.3 M.
 55. The method according to claim 52, wherein said concentration is from about 0.05 to about 0.2 M.
 56. The method according to claim 52, wherein said concentration is about 0.10 M.
 57. The method according to claim 52, wherein said concentration is about 0.15 M.
 58. The method according to claim 40, wherein the compound of Formula (1) is dissolved in a first solvent to form a starting material solution before being combined with the compound of Formula (2) to form the reaction mixture, wherein said first solvent is, or forms part of, the reaction solvent.
 59. The method according to claim 40, wherein the compound of Formula (2) is dissolved in a second solvent to form a glyoxylic acid reagent solution before being combined with the compound of Formula (1) to form the reaction mixture, wherein said first solvent is, or forms part of, the reaction solvent.
 60. The method according to claim 40, wherein: the compound of Formula (1) is dissolved in a first solvent to form a starting material solution before being combined with the compound of Formula (2) to form the reaction mixture, wherein said first solvent forms part of the reaction solvent; and the compound of Formula (2) is dissolved in a second solvent to form a glyoxylic acid reagent solution before being combined with the compound of Formula (1) to form the reaction mixture, wherein said second solvent forms part of the reaction solvent.
 61. The method according to claim 60, wherein the first solvent and the second solvent are the same.
 62. The method according to claim 60, wherein the first solvent and the second solvent are different.
 63. The method according to claim 60, wherein said starting material solution is combined with said glyoxylic acid reagent solution by adding said starting material solution to said glyoxylic acid reagent solution.
 64. The method according to claim 60, wherein said starting material solution is combined with said glyoxylic acid reagent solution by adding said glyoxylic acid reagent solution to said starting material solution.
 65. The method according to claim 63, wherein said adding is adding continuously (e.g., over the addition time).
 66. The method according to claim 65, wherein said adding continuously is adding by dropwise addition.
 67. The method according to claim 65, wherein said adding continuously is adding by continuous flow addition.
 68. The method according to claim 58, wherein the compound of Formula (2) is added as a solid to said starting material solution.
 69. The method according to claim 58, wherein the compound of Formula (2) is added as a solid to said starting material solution continuously (e.g., over the addition time).
 70. The method according to claim 59, wherein the compound of Formula (1) is added as a solid to said glyoxylic acid reagent solution.
 71. The method according to claim 59, wherein the compound of Formula (1) is added as a solid to said glyoxylic acid reagent solution continuously (e.g., over the addition time).
 72. The method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the reaction mixture during the reaction is, or is maintained at, a temperature of from about 0° C. to about the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture.
 73. The method according to claim 72, wherein the temperature range is from about 0° C. to about 30° C.
 74. The method according to claim 72, wherein the temperature range is from about 10° C. to about 30° C.
 75. The method according to claim 72, wherein the temperature range is from about 15° C. to about 25° C.
 76. The method according to claim 72, wherein the temperature is about 20° C.
 77. The method according to claim 1, further comprising a subsequent step of deprotecting said compound of Formula (3):

to give a compound of Formula (4):


78. The method according to claim 77, further comprising a subsequent step of reacting said compound of Formula (4):

with a compound of Formula (5):

to give a compound of Formula (6):

wherein: -A is an activating group suitable for reaction with —NH₂ to form a urea group; and —Ar is phenyl, pyridyl, or naphthyl, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups —Y, wherein each —Y is independently selected from halo (e.g., —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I); linear or branched saturated C₁₋₄alkyl (e.g., -Me, -Et); linear or branched saturated C₁₋₄haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃); —OH; linear or branched saturated C₁₋₄alkoxy (e.g., —OMe, —OEt); and linear or branched saturated C₁₋₄haloalkoxy (e.g., —OCF₃).
 79. The method according to claim 77, further comprising a subsequent step of activating said compound of Formula (4):

to give a compound of Formula (7):

and the reacting the compound of Formula (7) with a compound of Formula (8):

to give a compound of Formula (6):

wherein: -A is an activating group suitable for reaction with —NH₂ to form a urea group; and —Ar is phenyl, pyridyl, or naphthyl, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups —Y, wherein each —Y is independently selected from halo (e.g., —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I); linear or branched saturated C₁₋₄alkyl (e.g., -Me, -Et); linear or branched saturated C₁₋₄haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃); —OH; linear or branched saturated C₁₋₄alkoxy (e.g., —OMe, —OEt); and linear or branched saturated C₁₋₄haloalkoxy (e.g., —OCF₃).
 80. The method according to claim 1, further comprising a preceding step of reducing a compound of Formula (7):

to give said compound of Formula (1):


81. The method according to claim 80, further comprising preceding step of reacting a compound of Formula (8):

with a compound of Formula (9):

to give said compound of Formula (7):

wherein -A¹ and -A² are activating groups suitable for reaction with each other to form an ether group. 